Concepts in solution focused brief therapy

Concepts in solution focused brief therapy SFBT, believe that solutions ensue when there is a change in negative interactive patterns and behaviour and as such, giving new meaning to clients problems and tools necessary to solve their them (Stalker et al., 1999). SFBT does not pathologize but rather focuses on clients strengths (Gehart and Tuttle, 2003). It orients clients to a solution talk rather than problem talk. The SF, therapist therefore works with the clients to find solutions as they occur. This pragmatic approach to therapy utilizes concepts that enabled clients to find solutions (Cunanan, McCollum, 2006). This modality strongly supports the view that there are solutions to almost every problem and that everyone has the capability to solve their own problems. The SF, therapist believes that people are dynamic and not static and that change is constantly occurring. The SF, therapist explores with the clients problem areas that they want to change in their lives while encouraging the continuance of areas that are currently working for them. The therapists and clients then co- construct concrete goals of a preferred future and subsequently create a change within themselves (Lewis and Osborn, 2004). There are many concepts which play a vital role in this modality, these include: re-session change (Lawson, 1994; Lethem 2006, 2002), moving from a problem saturated talk to solution-focused talk (Langdridge, 2006; Lethem 2002; Talyor, 2005), looking at the exception to the problem (Ruddick, 2008), viewing change as a constant, recognizing that language has meaning and experiencing hope (Gehart and Tuttle, 2003). Pre-session change The pre-session change is the concept that assesses to see if there have been any changes for the client prior to beginning their initial session (Weiner-Davis, 1987 as cited in Lawson, 1994). This pre-session change is an integral part of therapy as it helps the therapist to begin a dialogue in focusing on the solution and helps the client to see the possibility of change (Lethem, 2002). Problem saturated talk to solution talk According to Taylor (2005), moving from the problem-saturated story to a solution talk is one of the main goals of therapy. The problem-saturated story usually occurs during the initial stage of therapy. The therapist will take a non-judgmental stance to the client story while formulating the problem that the client is sharing, while gently helping the client to shift focus and explore possible solutions. The therapist also helps in directing the clients to make goals that they would like to accomplish during and after the course of therapy (Jordan, Quinn, 1994). During this process the therapist takes a curious/neutral stance in understanding the client and their presenting issue. While the therapist focuses on the here and now of the problem and how its currently affecting the client, they help to re-focus the client in the direction towards the future (Adam et.al., 1991 as cited in Jordan Quinn, 1994). The SFBT therapist re-directs clients from a problem saturated story to a state of solution oriented story. This shift allows the therapist to begin the process of building upon the clients strength in order to help them to identify solutions to their problem (OHanlon and Wiener-Davis, 1989 as cited in Reiter, 2007). Looking at the exceptions to the problems Eliciting feedback from the client about the differences when the problem did not occur, or occurred with less severity, helps the therapist identify strengths, embedded in exceptions that the client can utilize in the future, (De Jong Berg, 2002). The use of expectancy, derived from the work of Milton Erickson, was utilized by de Shazer utilized to help clients capitalize on the resource they possess within themselves to solve their problem. The art of solution focused therapy involves not only bringing awareness to the exceptions of problems but rather the solutions that lies in their repertories. According to O Hanlon, (1999) there should be positive expectancy talk. Change is constantly happening and hope This therapy assumes that nothing is always the same, it is the belief that change is occurring all the time and small change is generative, as one small changes leads to larger changes. Additionally, this assumption also means that problems are only as big as ones definition to them. Our definition defines both the experience and size of the problem. Change occurs when clients can look at the exceptions to their problems and make that shift from the problem-saturated story to solution-focused talk (Simon, Joel K. Nelson, Thorana S. 2007). Change can be measured with scaling questions, so as to get an overview of where the client is at and if any small changes have occurred (B.OConnell, 1998). According to Miller, Duncan and Hubble (1996, p 218), hope is the exercising of ones belief that something positive will happen in each session. This takes a team approach, both therapist and client work together actively to get an outcome which finds solutions to the clients problem. Assumptions of Solution Focused Brief Therapy This theory utilizes 12 assumptions, John Walter Jane Peller (1992) from their text Becoming Solution-Focused in Brief Therapy (pp 10-34) described the following assumptions: 1. Focusing on the positive: 2. Having clients identify the exceptions to the problem. 3. Change is occurring all the time. 4. Small change generative, small changing leads to larger changing. 5. Clients are always cooperating. 6. People have the natural resource within themselves to solve their problems. 7. Meaning and experience are interactionally constructed 8. Actions and descriptions are circular. 9. The response you received is the meaning of the message. 10. The client is the expert 11. Change is constantly occurring. 12. A treatment group comprises of members who share stated goals and have desires to accomplish these goals. Nature of Reality in Solution Focused Brief Therapy Reality is the construction of ones language and as such, problems are maintained when ones construction disregard their natural capability and resources. Steve de Shazer, 1991 stated that clients and their belief system constructs reality; reality is therefore invented rather than constructed. In the event that the reality that the client is living in at present is not working for them, then the therapist can gently invite the client to enter into a momentary hypothetical. This allows the client to enter into a reality where anything is virtually possible. This gives the client the opportunity to dream as to what they would be doing in the event that this miracle was to occur. Miller, (1996) stated that therapists can use the intervention of the miracle question to enter into this reality. The use of the miracle question allows the therapist not only to join with the client but to also enter the world of the client. This intervention allows for the client to imagine a better future reality in which they want to create the future (De Shazer, 1991). According to Nelson and Thomas (2007), reality is based on how the client chooses to live their life and their perception of what life is about. Each individual owns the architecture of their reality, and they choose how to shape their world. A therapist can however identify with the reality of their clients through the use of language. According to Harland as cited in de Shazer (1991), language constitutes the human world and the human world constitutes the whole world. In order to understand the clients language, the therapist has to enter into the world of the client and understand what is happening for the client at that moment. This allows the therapist to get a clearer understanding of the clients viewpoint and what motivates them to think as they do (Odell, Butler and Dielma, 2005). In SFBT, therapists respect the clients for who they are and the reality in which they live. The therapist takes a non-judgmental stance and doesnt make comparison with the clients past issues, but rather focuses on the here and now present of the client. Miller posits that therapists respect their clients point of view by understanding the language in which they speak. Language is the clients thoughts that help to shape and express who they are. The therapist and the client enter into a therapeutic relationship through the client language as the main vehicle to their perception of reality. Understanding the clients reality is a process. Initially, the therapist is unable to be a part of the clients reality because they are on the outside; however, as the sessions progress, the therapist becomes more familiar and better able to comprehend the clients language, and subsequently becomes a part of the clients reality (Miller, (1997b) De Shazer et al., argues that people use language to shape their reality and to assist in establishing the meaning of situations, relationships, others and self. They further note that the meanings people assign to a situation may limit the range of solutions to a problem, which is of particular interest to solution-focused therapy. They explained that every individual constructs his or her meaning based on previous experiences, beliefs, family of origin or societal view (De Shazer et al. 1988). Furthermore, they posit that clients stories are usually more problem-saturated than goal-oriented. Hence, it is easier for clients to focus on their problems than the solution. As such, when the therapist and client interact, there is a `co-creation of realties; therefore, differences in perspectives and meanings should be defined Bobele et.al, states expertise lies in the manner in which the conversation is conducted, not in the ability to convey a venerated body of information (Bobele, Gardner, Biever, 1995, p. 16). Philosophy proposes that reality exist objectively in the world irrespective of ones subjectivity, language or thoughts. I believe that a persons perception is his or her reality, and so what I believe becomes my reality; subsequently, what I believe in does not necessarily hold true for someone else. For example, I believe in a supreme being and that is a part of my reality; however, that might not be the reality for another person who sees himself as a God. A persons reality is shaped by his or her beliefs and value-systems, or anything that seems real to him or her whether its conceptualized by the mind or an extension of self or environment. Reality does exist for me, but there are several forms of reality. What I can see and touch and what I believe exists not in a physical state but by fai th. I define truth as being an accurate account of reality -a claim that has been proven factual. However, I would suggest that there might be several versions of truth. Truth can be based on my perception of what is true. But this may not necessarily be factual. For example, others may not share my belief that chocolate tea is pleasant to the taste; hence, truth can also be relative. Furthermore, if everyone were behaving in a certain way and someone came along behaving in the opposite manner, and then the perception would be that something is wrong with him or her, a plausible conception of insanity. If relatively, speaking nothing is innate to a newborn baby if the mind is a blank slate, then everything we know is learned from some source. If your only source told you, the moon was a space ship in the sky, then that would be your truth. After dissecting all these terms, I believe that objective and subjective truths co-exist in my reality. I know that certain things are just facts, yet at the same time I am aware that some things that were previously taught me as truths are not based on factual grounds. For example, my value system is not based on facts, but rather on my beliefs, my truths and my reality. It defines who I am as a person. Having the knowledge that my reality may differ from my clients reality, it is imperative that I am aware of my own bias and not project my reality unto my client, as this would be counterproductive, as the client would be seeing through the lens of my reality and not theirs. It is vital for clients to know what is real for them and how it affects their lives. However, through the therapeutic relationship, my reality may be shared not imposed or forced upon clients when I integrate therapeutic interventions and feedback to clients. SFBT has reinforced for me that language helps to shape ones reality and is a driving force in how we construct or de-construct our reality. Human Nature in Solution Focused Brief Therapy SFBT has a positive approach to therapy and toward clients in general. SFBT views clients as natural problem-solvers who have only lost sight of their ability to solve problems. Another common believe is people are not the problem but the problem is the problem. Furthermore, it utilizes and enhances the clients capability. Every person has the natural resource needed to cope even before the use of interventions. Hence the therapy process should constitute of promoting and finding the solutions that naturally lies within the clients (Peller, J.L., Walker J., 1992a). This theory also reinforced the concept that the client is the expert, and the solutions lie within them. In SFBT, the client is the expert, and the facilitator takes the position of not knowing and of leading from one step behind through solution-focused questioning and responding. SFBT is focused on finding solutions not problems and therefore does not look at a person in the sense of being maladjusted. It is the behaviour that causes maladjustment and not the innate qualities of the person. The clients narrative determines much about the repeated patterns of dysfunctional behavior (Peller, J.L., Walker J., 1992b). In SFBT therapy, the client knows the solution, and the role of the therapist is help clients to identify these solutions while maintaining a respectful and supportive role and not to be confrontational but, only make suggestions are necessary alternatives (De Jong Berg, 1998, p. 21). In SFBT, the therapist is seen as a collaborator and consultant, there to help clients achieve their goals. With SFBT, clients do most of the talking, and what they talk about is considered the cornerstone of the resolution of their complaints. Usually, SFBT therapists will use more indirect methods such as the use of extensive questioning about previous solutions and exceptions (De Jong Berg, 1998, p. 21). Self is the consciousness of ones own identity; it is what defines me as an individual. It is the component that makes up my personality. Self is who I am as an individual, which comprises my strengths, limitations, dreams, fears, likes and dislikes. My sense of self follows a consistent pattern personality and behavior does not change, and is made up of past, present experiences, values and cultural background. In contrast to this, the essential self is more of the ideal self; it is the self I hope to be, the self I desire to accomplish. Murray Bowen speaks about the solid self, which is highly differentiated free of emotional process. However, for me, the solid self is like my essential self where I am more highly differentiated, less reactive, and accepting of my faults. It is a wiser me, a mature, less indecisive me, an empowered me. The main difference between the two selves is one, the self is who I am in reality and the essential self is who I hope and want to be. I believe what makes individuals different is their individuals background and cultural/family values. Furthermore, ones environment and genetics both influence what makes each of us who we are. What makes me who I am today are my culture and family values, the environment that I grew up in, the parenting style that I experienced and my experiences. This academic programmed has greatly influence my way of thinking, and has forced me to do a lot of introspection, which has been an avenue that Ive used to better understand myself. One major thing that my life experiences have taught me is that the difficulties I have encountered in my life can be likened to my life test. I feel at times Ive been given the same exam over with a few changes in the questions and by now I have to come to know the end results. As this process unfolds I have become less anxious as I believe the end result will be successful and if not its ok as I can rest assured that this test will come again. I have always been given the opportunity to take my life test over and with each success; I have become stronger and empowered. With each failure Ive also experience growth as I make adjustments so as to do better. I believe that in order for an individual to experience a fulfilling life, they should live with (1) with no regrets and know that what they do is done to the fullest. (2) Accept the things they cannot change and (3) learn from their mistakes, which will by extension make them stronger. Nature of change in Solution Focused Brief Therapy In the solution-focused approach, change is viewed as a process that is inevitable and constant (de Shazer, 1985), clients situations may often fluctuate and often the small changes may seemingly go. Therefore, it is imperative for therapist to help clients to identify when these changes occur and attempt to identify circumstances and behaviors that encourage the desired change (de Shazer, 1985b). In assessing the problem, the therapist looks for past, present or even future exceptions, in addition to identifying clients strengths, this may enable them to reach some solutions. Solution-focused brief therapy focuses exclusively or predominantly on two things (1) helping clients to achieve their desired outcome through the setting of personal goals and (2) looking at the exceptions to the problems through the implementation of previous solutions. (de Shazer, 1985c). Change is in my viewpoint a permanent modification of behavior. While change is dynamic there is some amount of finality to it, something that is adjusted can be re-adjusted, but true change has a degree of permanence. Change removes us from our comfort zone. Change has a ripping effect on those who wont let go. Change happens for me when I confront and accept that I need a behavioral modification. Acceptance for me is the turning point for change. Change begins in my heart having that desire to want better; it might be awkward and uncomfortable at first, but then it becomes more accepting and more understanding. What I have gathered from doing this research and attending classes is that therapy as a process aids understanding and recovery from psychological difficulties. Therapy deals with underlying issues spanning across inter/intrapersonal conflicts, for example depression and marital conflict. Therapy provides an avenue to express ones feelings, understand patterns of thinking, gain perspective or knowledge surrounding past events and to obtain guidance to the right path. I believe therapy happens when one consciously seeks help for change; when there is a willingness to work on ones self, therapy ensues. Therapy happens when change occurs. For me, this program has been one big therapy session and my change has occurred in small increments, based on my willingness to visualize the change in my mind and take the steps necessary to execute that change. That change for me is feeling exposed, honest with myself but freshly aware of who I am as an individual. The relationship between client and therapist is integral, as it determines whether that client leaves the therapy room being a more mentally healthy person or worse off than when they first entered. According to Carl Rogers, the therapeutic relationship forms the foundation for treatment. If a helping relationship is not the number one priority in the treatment process, then clinicians are doing a great disservice to their clients as well as to the field of therapy as a whole. I strongly believe that for me to have a successful outcome in therapy, I must first join with my client, showing a genuineness to help, validate and empathize, give positive regard and help set goals with my client. Most of what I have learnt from my professors, advisor, supervisor, classmates, research and life experiences has formed the building blocks of my therapeutic stance. It is my hope that with this foundation, I will be an effective therapist, one that will join with clients in terms of where they are at and help them work through their problems. Furthermore, openness to change and a willingness to adjust so that I can better meet the need of my clients for both therapy and personal growth is intrinsic.

Baldwin Bicycle Company: Background of the Study

BA-561 MAC Abdulgaffur G. Deki Oscar M. Inocencio Chester V. Lagutin Felomena C. Baal Edsel Cariz J. Tiu 12 October 2012 â€Å"Baldwin Bicycle Company† Background of the Study: Baldwin Bicycle Company (BBC) is a full-line bicycle manufacturing company with 40 years of experience. In 1982, BBC has revenue of over $10M for 98,791 units produced. BBC exclusively distributes through independently-owned retailers, their bicycles are known for their above-average quality. In May 1983, a rapid-growing Northwestern discount retail chain, Hi-Valu, Suzanne Leister, VP Marketing, proposed a private-label agreement.Under this program, BBC would manufacture the Challenger line of bicycles exclusively for Hi-Valu. The Challenger line was to be a low-priced value bicycle, sold at retail prices under BBC’s normal product lines. Statement of the problem: What is the overall impact to the company if BBC will accept the proposal in terms of? a. ) PROFIT b. ) RETURN ON SALES c. ) RETURN ON ASSETS d. ) RETURN ON EQUITY Objectives: 1. To be able to show and analyze the proposal depending on the result which will be used to serve as a basis for making decisions. 2.To determine the total relevant cost in producing additional orders for Hi-Valu. Areas of consideration: 1. BBC sales over the next three years would be 100,000 bikes a year if they will forego the Hi-Valu deal. 2. If BBC will accept the offer, 3,000 units will be lost in regular sales volume a year. 3. According to Ms Leister, Vice President for Marketing, she was acutely aware that the â€Å"bicycle boom† had fattened out, and that poor economy had caused Baldwin sales volume to fall. 4. BBC was currently operating its plant at about 75% of capacity meaning, 75,000 units is currently produced. excess capacity 25,000 units) 5. The contract between BBC and Hi-Valu is for three years and will be automatically extended on a year to year basis, unless one party gave notice that it did not wish to extend th e contract. 6. Most of BBC sales were into independently toy stores and bicycles shops, BBC had never before distributed to its product to department store. Its BBC’s first time to deal such client. 7. Hi-Valu wanted to purchase bikes from BBC at lower prices that the wholesale prices of comparable bikes sold through Baldwin usual channels. 8.If the proposal will pursue BBC requirement for purchasing, inventory and production cost will increased. 9. Hi-Valu would hold the units on consignment in its own warehouses and withhold payment until delivery to a specific store. 10. A bicycle would be paid within 30 days once a bicycle was shipped to a specific store or 120 days had elapsed in the regional warehouse. Alternative courses of action: 1. Reject proposal RISKS: a. ) BBC may face continually declining sales due to a poor economy. b. ) BBC will continue to produce at only 75% production capacity. c. Another disadvantage is that the offer price of Hi-Valu was lower than the r egular selling price. d. ) There is an additional cost involved in producing additional units from Hi-Valu the $5,000 additional cost plus the asset related cost. e. ) The possibility that the current dealers of BBC might drop-out line if they find that BBC is making bikes for Hi-Valu. f. ) The freight charge will be shouldered by BBC until it reached the destination of Hi-Valu warehouse. g. ) additional from regular sales of 3,000 units from regular costumers. ADVANTAGES: a. ) Maintain loyalty from current distributors . ) Maintain 40-year reputation for above average quality and price. 2. Accept Proposal RISKS: a. ) Current dealers may drop Baldwin line. b. ) Current dealers may request a similar product c. ) Putting faith in a new product d. ) BBC may find itself with an abundance of Challenger-specific inventory e. ) Extra costs may result in having to use cheaper materials f. ) Loss of â€Å"street cred† ADVANTAGES: a. ) Greater penetration of the mark through new market segments b. ) I f Baldwin name is not on the Challenger bike, BBC’s reputation may not be damaged c. Strong Challenger sales may balance weak Baldwin sales d. ) With Challenger line, BBC will be producing at a higher capacity Recommendation: The group recommends the alternative courses of action number two which state Accept the Proposal. The followi ng computations was the basis of the recommendation. Potential Problem Analysis: 1. Additional cost is involved. 2. Lost additional sales from the costumers 3. Additional investment to finance additional increase in receivables, inventories, record-keeping,tax inventory, handling labor and equipment, possible obsolescence and or damage.

Juno by Jason Reitmen Essay

In the film Juno directed by Jason Reitmen the relationship between the main character Juno, and Mark is very important. This relationship helps the viewer learn more about Juno’s journey to motherhood and in each scene we are shown her development to maturity. Juno’s relationship with Mark influences the story line and helps the viewer understand Juno’s character and why Juno makes many of her decisions. The decision she faces is that of a pregnant 16 year old. The way she views her friend, Mark, develops and changes as she matures on her journey to motherhood. From the beginning of the film Juno has a clear picture of the perfect parent for her child. Mark fits what she is looking for ideally. He is a fun and relaxed man. He is into the same music as Juno, plays guitar and has terrific taste in horror films. When Juno is looking though the penny saver for adoptive parents she says â€Å" I just can’t give my baby to someone who describes themselves as â€Å"wholesome.† I am looking for something a little edgier.† This is when she sees Mark and Vanessa Lorring’s advertisement, which is exactly what Juno, is looking for. When first visiting the Lorring’s Juno and Mark play on his guitars, instantly bonding. Right from the start Mark is Juno’s preferred parent. I learnt through this that at the start of her pregnancy Juno has an innocent idea of parenting. Juno and Mark’s relationship deepens as time goes on. From the first time Juno meets Mark she shows an immense interest in him as a Father. She starts finding excuses to go around and see him, dropping in for the slightest reason. As their relationship grows they start watching movies together, ringing each other and recommending songs. At this stage she is firmly of the view that Mark would make a perfect Father for her baby. When talking about Mark Juno says, â€Å"It was cool, he is kind of cool.† At this point the audience may be questioning why a man that much older than Juno has so much in common with her, and questioning if Juno’s views on Mark are realistic as Bren does. The reactions and comments of other characters help Juno to consider her opinions in a different light. When Juno arrives home from Mark’s late at night Brenda is concerned about Juno. â€Å"That was a mistake Juno. Mark is a married stranger. You over stepped a boundary.† At first Juno is upset and annoyed about Brenda telling her off and treating her like a child. She reacts like a typical teenager, not seeing what the audience is already questioning, that spending time with Mark is inappropriate. Brenda is acting like a caring and mature parent, which contrasts with how Juno is behaving. As the movie progresses and Juno gets to know Mark better she realizes that Vanessa may be the stronger parent. From the beginning Juno shows a great interest in Mark and doesn’t pay much attention to Vanessa. When Juno sees Vanessa at the mall playing with a little kid, she realizes how great a Mother she would make. The scene shows Vanessa in a high angle wide shot running around with a young child who is completely engrossed and captivated by Vanessa’s company. We then see a close up on Juno’s face, the director uses this close up to highlight that Juno is fixated on Vanessa with an expression of awe and happiness, at the realization that Vanessa is going to make a wonderful Mother. Because of her love for children, you can see this by her interaction. Juno’s shift in judgment also affects her view on Mark as the attributes she values in a parent start to mature. Juno begins to realize that Mark may not be the ideal Father for her baby. When visiting Mark, they hang out in his room. The room is full of props such as unpacked boxes symbolizing Mark being unsettled and boxed in. Juno and Mark danced together with song lyrics in the background â€Å"all these young dudes† inferring that Mark still hasn’t grown up. While dancing we see a mid shot, Juno’s tummy is touching Mark and he comments â€Å"something’s between us†. Although there is a baby physically between them he is also suggesting there is chemistry and attraction between them. This is when Mark tells Juno he is leaving Vanessa. Juno is furious and this is a turning point in the film as Juno realizes Mark needs to grow up and is too immature to father her child. This is when Juno realizes that Vanessa is certainly going to make a better and reliable parent for her child. I learnt that through her pregnancy she becomes more mature and she begins thinking of her baby’s needs rather than her own. Juno’s relationship with Mark reflects her maturation from a naive teenager to a responsible Mother. When Juno first becomes pregnant she is looking for a fun relaxed parent. Initially she was impressed by Mark and enjoyed his company. However she was more focused on what she wanted for herself rather than the well being of her baby. As Juno spends more time with Mark we learn his strengths and weaknesses. Juno matures as a person and realizes Mark wouldn’t be responsible or grown up enough to make a stable Father. When Juno starts realizing this she starts seeing all the positive traits in Vanessa from a maternal perspective. Juno’s development as a person mirrors her physical development in her pregnancy. This is shown in the movie when Juno makes a selfless decision purely for the baby’s welfare and chooses the right parent to bring up her child, while she is in the advanced stages of her pregnancy. In conclusion Juno’s relationship with Mark changes throughout the film. Those changes reflect the reactions and influences of other characters, & Juno’s personal growth. As Juno progresses to Motherhood her opinions mature and slowly become selfless. By the end of film she realizes who she wants to see bring up her child.

Case Analysis Electronic ( E ) Version Essay - 985 Words

Assessment Summary Case Presentation Format Electronic (E) Version Identifying Information: Patient is a 49-year-old single African American male. He has a bachelor’s degree and currently working part-time. Patient currently resides in Pitt County and lives with his biological mother. Appearance (e.g. overweight, dresses appropriately, etc.): Patient’s weight appeared to be appropriate for age and height. Patient was well dressed. Patient’s grooming appeared unkempt. Client was attentive and cooperative with counselor during session. No physical stigmata. Benefits (Food Stamps/SSI/Medicaid/VA): Patient denied receiving any benefits. History of Presenting Problems: Patient reported having a chronic history of substance use and failed treatment attempts. Patient reported an extensive legal history and is currently on probation due to substance use. Patient reported that he started using heroin at the age of 25 and cocaine at the age of 30. Patient reported multiple failed treatment attempts. Patient reported two previous treatments at Walter B Jones, two previous detox attempts at PORT, and one treatment attempt with PORT OTP. He reported his last treatment attempt (OTP) was approximately 10 years ago. Family-of-Origin History: Patient reported he grew up in Pitt County. Patient reported he is currently living with his biological mother. He reported his biological father has not been present in his life. Patient reported having 4 other siblings. Medical: PatientShow MoreRelatedSecurity and Payment Issues Faced by e-commerce Business in the Hospitality Industry978 Words   |  4 Pagesviolations and cyber-attacks to e-commerce systems especially in the hospitality industry. â€Å"In 2011, Trustwave SpiderLabs conducted 42 percent more data breach investigations than in the previous year. More than 85 percent of these data breaches occurred in the food and beverage, retail and hospitality industries.† (Savitz Percoco, 2012). 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Rural Advertising in India - 2637 Words

RURAL ADVERTISING IN INDIA ABSTRACT Villages are integral part of the Nation. Rural markets acquired greater importance in countries like India, China, etc. because of economic growth of the nations now highly depend up on the rural economy. Corporate companies are struggling a lot to get more sales/profits in urban areas i.e. almost all the companies are saturated in urban areas. â€Å"Go rural and be rural† seems to be the guiding principle of marketing. In this context, companies are diversified all their operations toward rural areas. Most of the populations with unmet needs are living in rural areas. Companies should ensure that they understood the hopes and aspirations of the rural population. They should take into consideration the†¦show more content†¦The Indian advertising today handles both national and international projects. This is primarily because of the reason that the industry offers a host of functions to its clients that include everything from start to finish that include client se rvicing, media planning, media buying, creative conceptualization, pre and post campaign analysis, market research, marketing, branding, and public relation services. Rural consumers are fundamentally different from their urban counterparts. The lower levels of literacy and limited exposure to product and services are well-known, but there are also differences in occupation options, with a direct impact on income levels and income flows, and a high level of inter-dependency affecting the dynamics of rural community behavior. All contribute to make rural consumer behavior starkly distinct from the urban. Rural marketing has become a greatest challenge to make goods available to the rural markets because of poor infrastructure and lack of understanding of rural consumers. Only 40 per cent of the villages in India were connected by roads and only one third of rural homes had electricity. The rural market in India has great potential, which is just waiting to be tapped. Progress has been made in this area by some, but there seems to be a long way for marketers to go in order to derive and reap maximumShow MoreRelatedCottle Case1223 Words   |  5 Pages| ASSIGNMENT 2 | COTTLE-TAYLOR: EXPANDING THE ORAL CARE GROUP IN INDIA 1. a) What factors determine the demand for toothbrushes? As we read through the case we find there are various factors that influence the demand for toothbrushes which is affected by both social and economical factors. These factors are: * Affordability: The economic conditions that prevail in the markets, this focuses on the amount of disposable income and the income of the consumers and can they even affordRead MoreCottle-Taylor1277 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Cottle-Taylor: Expanding the Oral Care Group in India MEMORANDUM To: Brinda Patel, Director of Oral-Care Marketing From: Kunal Gulati and Gunjan Sharma, Assistant executives Date: October 31, 2009 Subject: Report on feasibility of 25-30% growth in the toothbrush market Ms. Patel, We have attached our projection report. As per our analysis, Mr. Lang’s idea of increasing advertising budget by 3% of sales will increase the unit sales by nearly 30% that will lead to $17.63m of profitRead MoreUnilever in India- Hindustan Lever’s Project Shakti1628 Words   |  7 Pagescommoners who live in the beautiful land of India. Motivation As a profit organization, the ultimate goal of HLL is still to generate more profit to expanding shareholders’ interest and keep the company operating as a gonging-concern. So Project Shakti is in progress as a rural marketing strategy which is considered to be a quintessential win-win initiative that paying more attention to better-off all the stakeholders and the economy atmosphere of rural India. As the notions changing along with purchasingRead MoreMarketing Strategy for Bottom of Pyramid Customers: A Case Study of Nokia1278 Words   |  6 Pagesto approximate the distribution of a country’s income). Thus obviously Bottom of Pyramid constitutes the market made of country’s poorest people. In India approximately 6 Lacs villages and 72% of country’s population constitutes BOP. The great majority of men and women of this BOP cluster work in agriculture, animal husbandry, factories or own rural shops and their income levels less than Rs.1.5 Lacs/year. Mos t companies have not traditionally considered people at bottom of pyramid as potential customersRead MoreCottle Taylor Case Analysis976 Words   |  4 Pagesprices by 20% on every item due to inflation in India, Lang’s projected revenue will exceed Patel’s one on $16,88 millions. However, arrangement of projected plans of unit and revenue growth with costs (Exhibit 2) that Cottler India will have evidences that market plan that Michel Lang suggested will lead to a profit less than Patel’s on $0,47 millions. As long as the primary goal of Cottler Taylor is to offset U.S. losses by boosting emerging markets (India in particular) bottom lines, Brinda Patel’sRead More4ps of Lifebuoy1615 Words   |  7 Pages1930s campaign in the US was titled Clean hands help guard health, encouraging the use of Lifebuoy soap to kill the germs on hands that can cause health issues. A similar campaign continues today, with Lifebuoy hygiene education programme ongoing in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Vietnam. Price: The price of its mass soap brand Lifebuoy was reduced from Rs13 to Rs12 on 90gm and from Rs15 to Rs14 on a 150g bar. The price of the small pack of Lifebuoy was recently cut by a rupeeRead MoreREVIEW OF LITERATURE India is a vast developing country in1600 Words   |  7 PagesREVIEW OF LITERATURE India is a vast developing country in the world and people of many different communities and religious live together in unity. Tribal study is not new to this present research world. There are many studies already done on this topic. Many scholars have paid their attention on it and contributed very much to the field of tribal studies. Most of the scholars were studied about indigenous features of tribes especially their cultures beforeRead MoreSuper Shampoo1233 Words   |  5 PagesAditya Vikram 2011248 [SUPER SHAMPOO] Formulating an effective value delivery process to tap into an existing and prospective consumer market. Introduction The case analyzes the response of the non-users of shampoo in an emerging environment, India. The non-users belong to the lower end of the socio-economic spectrum and they respond with their perceptions about the category of shampoo and well-known brands. The entrepreneur s challenge is to obtain the insights, analyze the attitude of theRead MoreInternational and Domestic Marketing Comparison Paper: India and the United States1408 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Comparison Paper: India and the United States Introduction Nations, like the people who inhabit them, are all different. Some, like the United States, are at the forefront of technology and development. Others exist as third world nations, where even the most basic necessities are hard to come by. And then there are those which are in the middle, such as India. In the past 20 years, India has grown in the eyes of the global community from a rural, developing nation to a burgeoningRead MoreMarketing Strategy of Micromax1658 Words   |  7 Pagestools†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Pg 5-6 6. Identified problems and alternative solutions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...Pg 7 7. Conclusions and findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Pg 8 8. Recommendations and views†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Pg 9 INTRODUCTION 1. The mobile phone market in India is worth 130 million handsets annually. While the big players like Nokia, Samsung, Motorola and SonyEricsson make up for 70% share, the market has of late seen a slew of domestic firms such as Micromax, Karbonn and Entex making large inroads and new

Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin Essay - 1228 Words

Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin A captivating tale of a relationship between two troubling brothers in Harlem, Sonnys Blues is told from the perception of Sonnys brother, whose name is never mentioned. Baldwins choice of Sonnys brother as a narrator is what makes Sonnys Blues significant in terms of illustrating the relationship and emotional complications of Sonny and his brother. The significance of Sonnys Blues lies in the way Sonnys brother describes their relationship based on what he observes, hears, and feels, and how he struggles trying to understand Sonny through the course of the story. This is a story of how two African Americans brothers take their own path through life as they struggle to find meaning in their†¦show more content†¦The author used the title of the story Sonnys Blues, to give the readers the hint about the theme of the story. The noun blues is defined as a mood of unhappiness and depression. This theme is present throughout the story. Blues is a style of music that expresses a sad mood. It is synonymous with low spirits and depressed emotions. The blues, both as a state of being and as music, is basic to the structure of the story, and both the narrator and his brother Sonny have had their share of low spirits. The opposing lives of the two brothers contribute to the theme of being safe and while being risk takers. In this story, Baldwin writes about two brothers who grew up together. As each of the boys grew older, they fell apart from one another and lived two completely different lives. The narrator, who is the older brother, seemed to be more conservative and more determined to develop a good future. Sonny, the younger brother, was more free-willed and adventurous as he lived in the moment. Sonny did not even know what his plans were for the next hour, much less for the rest of his life. The narrators major source of discontent has been his selfish desire to learn and lead a respectable, safe life as a high-school algebra teacher. When he learns ofShow MoreRelatedRacism In Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin993 Words   |  4 Pagesamount of people all over the world. Although racial bias has been around for many years, it only seems to be progressing into something that one simply cannot c omprehend. In the short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† the author, James Baldwin, emphasizes the lasting effect of racism throughout the story. While Baldwin vaguely expresses the impact of racial bias on the character Sonny, the audience infers the idea the author is trying to convey. In the story, racism is a significant factor of symbolism portrayedRead MoreAnalysis Of Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin956 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin was born on August 2, 1924, to a single mother in Harlem. After his mother married his stepfather David Baldwin, who was a Baptist minister, he was adopted by him. Growing up, he didn’t feel as if he was accepted the way his other siblings were, though. In some of Baldwin stories, they often have a similar story line where it seems he is the less favored child over everyone else. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† a similar scenario is presented in some ways. While the unnamed narrator often speaksRead More Sonnys Blues by Ja mes Baldwin Essay517 Words   |  3 PagesSonnys Blues by James Baldwin Sonnys Blues is a story about two brothers, their past, and how their differences came between them. They were apart for several years while Sonny was in jail, but once he got out they had a chance to mend their pasts. Sonnys Blues is a well written story that teaches a lesson that has value in every day life. The tone is melancholy and reminiscent. The brother is remembering the past and reflection on the mistakes he and Sonny made. He is sad over theirRead MoreRacism In Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin935 Words   |  4 Pagesare dealing with all over the world. Racial bias has been around for quite sometime now, and it only seems to be progressing into something that one simply cannot comprehend. In the short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† the author, James Baldwin, emphasizes on the lasting effect of racism throughout the story. Baldwin vaguely expresses the impact of racial bias on the character Sonny. The audience has to infer the reasoning behind what the author is trying to convey. In the story, racism is a significant factorRead MoreAnalysis Of Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin1139 Words   |  5 PagesKelly J. Warner Professor Carol Wittig EN 234 – Introduction to Fiction 31 August 2017 A Second Chance The story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin hits home to my own personal life. In the story, a man learns that his brother is in jail and he is hooked on drugs. This story relates to my life because I have experienced something similar. Not only do I think that it can relate to my life, but so many other people who are struggling with drug and alcohol addiction. My father passed away due to a drugRead MoreAdversity In Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin892 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† utilizes race, poverty, stereotypes, and adversity to shine a light on the struggle to escape circumstance. Throughout the text, Baldwin describes the hardships leaching the life out of Harlem’s black community from the narrator’s perspective. Sonny, the narrator’s brother, struggles with his identity and ability to feel emotion leading him to the world of music and drugs, â€Å"To be aware of oneself, Baldwin believes , is to feel a sense of loss, to know where we are andRead MoreEssay on Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin1316 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Sonny’s Blues† revolves around the narrator as he learns who his drug-hooked, piano-playing baby brother, Sonny, really is. The author, James Baldwin, paints views on racism, misery and art and suffering in this story. His written canvas portrays a dark and continual scene pertaining to each topic. As the story unfolds, similarities in each generation can be observed. The two African American brothers share a life similar to that of their father and his brother. The father’s brother had a thirstRead MoreSonnys Blues by James Baldwin Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesSonnys Blues If you were not able to talk to anyone, nor did people want to listen to what you have to say, would that affect you? In the short story, Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin, Baldwin writes about two brothers, Sonny and the narrator, who lose communication between one another because Sonny goes to prison. The narrator, having to make a promise to their mother before her death, was to take care and watch over his young brother Sonny no matter what. This turned out not to be theRead MoreAnalysis Of Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin1293 Words   |  6 PagesIn the story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, written by James Baldwin, the narrator and his younger brother, Sonny, interact with musical elements that serve as a redemption for Sonny. Baldwin believes in the power of music to rescue or minimize the suffering that people go through. Both characters isolate themselves with several instances of music and issue their reactions toward it. Sonny is an uprising musician that wants to portray his life by playing the piano. This story is about Sonny’s Blues. His sadnessRead MoreEssay about Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin1003 Words   |  5 Pages There are many things we learn of Sonny and his nameless brother in Sonnys Blues. We learn their mannerisms, hobbies, occupations, and even their addictions. It seems we learn nearly everything about the pair; minus the narrators name, as previously stated. Hearing of their histories and the pains theyve under gone, we see how they deal with their pain, which often truly tells character. Sonnys Blues isnt a story of two brothers living in a rough city; one of whom is a talented musician

Auditing Theory and Practice for Second Report-myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theAuditing Theory and Practice for Second Report. Answer: To: Managing Partner of MYH Subject: A Report on Strength of any Negligence Case that Oasis might bring against MYH Main Body: Influences of Common Law on Negligence Issues: There are four general stages of audit-related dispute. The first stage includes the occurrence of events that results in losses for users of the financial statement like misappropriation of assets, fraudulent financial reporting. The second stage, this involves investigation by plaintiffs and their attorneys before doing any legal proceedings. The third stage includes the legal process. The last stage is related to the resolution of dispute (Wilson, 2014). Under common law, the auditor is held liable for the negligence, breach of contract and fraud. The elements necessary for making an auditors liability for negligence to clients are the duty to cope up with a required standard of care, failure to perform as per that duty, a casual connection between auditors negligence and clients damage and actual damage to the client. The three standards that have evolved for defining the extent of the auditors liability to third parties are privity, foreseen persons and reasonably foreseeable third parties. Privity means obligations between parties that exist under a contract. Auditors liability to third parties under common law is complex, because court rulings are not always consistent across federal and state jurisdictions (American Accounting Association, 2016; Gay and Simnett, 2015). Contributory negligence is used by the auditor as a defense in legal liability, when he or she claims the client a responsibility in the legal case. For example, the auditor claims that the client contributed to the fraud by not correcting the material mistake (Robertson and Tilbury, 2016). Any third person, who makes any purchase based on the information in the financial statement, then the third person can sue the auditor for the wrong information given in financial statements. In this case Morgan fertilizers supplied the financial statements to Oasis and there is no evidence that MYH is aware of this intended use of the accounts. So this works as an advantage for MYH in the negligence case. There are some steps at the firm level that can minimize the legal liability against the auditors like, being alert for risk factors that may result in lawsuits, performing and documenting work diligently, following sound client acceptance and retention procedures, ensuring that members of the firm are independent, instituting sound quality control and review procedures (BLINK, 2017). The auditors legal liability to client can arise from the failure of auditor to fulfill the terms of contract. An example would be if the client identifies any misstatement in the financial statements, which would have been discovered if the auditor had not properly analyzed all the financial accounts (e.g. misstatement of inventory arises only if the inventory is not properly checked by t he auditor). Case Law: Esanda Finance Corporation Ltd v Peat Marwick Hungerfords (1997) 188 CLR 241 (HCA) The auditors liability to third party under the common law arises from any loss incurred to third party due to relying upon the misleading financial statements. Civil liability under the securities act, 1933 provides the right to the third party to sue the auditor for damages done to him due to any untrue statement of material. For example if any stock is purchased by an investor on the basis of audited financial statements and later on if the investor finds the misstatement in the financial statements, then for the loss done to him he can sue the auditor (Mintz, 2016). If the company will say that it does not have any evidence of the misleading that happens in the inventory, then it clearly shows the negligence of the auditors and the management of the company both. Conclusion From the analysis of above report, it can be said that during the audit process, the influences of common law on negligence issues plays an important role. It will help the company, if Oasis files any negligence case against it. Auditor is expected to conduct an audit using due care, but does not claim to be a guarantor or insurer of financial statements. References BLINK (2017). Making Ethical Decisions: A 7-Step Path. Retrieved from: https://blink.ucsd.edu/finance/accountability/ethics/path.html Gay, G. E. and Simnett, R. (2015). Auditing and assurance services in Australia (6th ed.). Roseville: McGraw. Mintz, S. (2016). Ethical Obligations and Decision-Making in Accounting: Text and Cases. Robertson, A. and Tilbury, M. (2016). The Common Law of Obligations: Divergence and Unity. USA: Bloomsbury Publishing. Wilson, R.M.S. (2014). The Routledge Companion to Accounting Education. USA: Routledge.